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Nothing is more powerful for your future than being a gatherer of good ideas and information. That's called doing your homework.

Panitikan: Filipino Reviewer (keywords and phrases)

Panitikan
-- anumang bagay na naisasalititik (letra)
-- naeepektuhan ang ating damdamin, kaisipan, karanasan
-- kabuluhan (relevance)
~pagpapahayag ng paniniginip,karanasan,damdamin sa malikhaing pamaraan.

Lipunan
-- community
-- ang panitikan ay salamin o repleksyon ng lipunan

Dalawang Uri ng Panitikan
A.Patula
-- epiko
-- tula
-- balagtasan

B.Tuluyan
-- alamat
-- pabula
-- maikling kwento

Mga Kahulugan ng mga Iba't Ibang Klaseng Panitikan
-- Patalata - tulang pasalaysay.
-- Epiko - mga storya tungkol sa mga bayani
-- Alamat - sinasabi ng pagmumulang ng bagay,hayop o lugar
-- Pabula - ang mga tauhan ay mga hayop o mga bagay na wala talagang buhay
-- Maikling Kwento - short story
-- Balagtasan - debate
-- Sanaysay - opinyon o essay
-- Nobela - novel
-- Pabula - kwento tungkol sa mga panggagalingan ng bagay o lugar
-- Parabula - halaw sa Banal na Kasulatan

Panitikan sa Katutubong Panahon
-tema ay kalikasan(the theme is usually about our surrondings)
-ito ay oral(usually passed on by telling stories not writing them.)
-ang mga tula ay nakabatay sa tradisyon ng tugma at sukat
-ang kanilang panitikan ay walang mga authors o pangalan.

Dahilan kung bakit tradisyong oral
-dahil wala sila masusulatan
-bahagi ng buhay nila magpakitakita sa isat-isa at magkwentuhan
-mahirap ang pamaraan ng pagsusulat

Mga akda noong katutubo:

Bugtong:entertainment
Saliwikain:nagbibigay aral
Bulong:Dhort poems to the fairies example:tabi tabi po
Awiting bayan:for the country
Epiko:heroes
Alamat:Origin of things
Pabula:animals
Mito: stories about the GODs

Tagalog-year 1935
-isa sa mga pagunahing wika sa Pilipinas ginagamit ito sa Region 4 and Ncr

Pilipino 1973
-ginagamit itoi ngayon.ginawa ito dahil nagkaroon ng problema ang 1935 constitutuion.ang manila ay sentro.mas kaunti ang tagalos speakers.

Filipino 1987
-ginawa pagunahing wika ito.Naging sentro ng kalakalan ang Maynila ito ay ang bago at mas alam natin.may hinihiram na salita


Kakaibahan ng Pilipino at Tagalog
Pilipino0- may halong mga salita galing sa ibang lugar

wikain-nanatili ang language pero may isa pang language na ginagamit.

formula:WIKA+WIKAIN+MGA HINIHIRAM NA SALITA =FILIPINO

ang mga BAYBAY=KUNG ANO ANG BIGKAS ITO AY ANG SULAT

c-k,s
f-p
j-dy,h
q-ki/ke
v-f
x-ks
z-s

ang pareho sa mga katutbo lagi ay :
kabayanihan
gobyerno
edukasyon
rehiyon

Trend ng epiko

Pag-alis=misyon
Pagkikipagsapalarsn
-tribu
-pagliligaw
-may laban

PAgkamatay
-super natural strength

Muling mabubuhay
-always,only when hero dies

Pangugusap
-ang ibig sabihin ng pangugusap ay ito ay nagsasaad ng isang kompletong ideya

Sugnay
-gumagawa ng pangugusap
-pinapalawak ang ideya'
-laging bahagi ng pangugusap

Klase ng Sugnay
Malaya-independent
di-malaya-dependent

and kakaibahan ay Pangugusap ay may kompletong ideya ,habang ang sugnay ay bahagi ng mas malawak na pangugugusap.

kontradiksyon-ngunit,pero,subalit
reason-sapangkat

other notes;
words with same meaning
pito,puno,pula,pata,pasa,pilit,pasok,paso

upo

balat,baka,baba,buwan,balot,basa,bangko

tasa,tayo,tubo,tama,tala,tira/han

mahal,marka

sulat,suka,sala,saya,sipa,sikat,siga

aso,apo

kita,kawayan

hamon,hapon,hirap,handa

gabi

ligaw,labi,laman

baybayin,buhat,buhay,bati,bola,buko


Maikling Pabula: Ang Uwak na Nagpanggap





Isang uwak ang nakakita ng mga lagas na balahibo ng pabo sa lupa. Pinagmasdan niya iyon at nasiyahan sa iba’t ibang kulay na taglay niyon. At dahil sawa na siya sa pagiging isang itim na ibon, iyon ay kanyang pinulot isa-isa at saka idinikit sa kanyang katawan.

Iyon lang at dali-dali siyang lumipad patungo sa grupo ng mga pabo at nagpakilala bilang kauri ng mga ito.

Ngunit sadyang kilala ng mga pabo ang kanilang kauri, kaya naman hindi rin nagtagal ay nabisto ng mga ito ang nagkukunwaring uwak.

Dahil dito, inalis ng mga pabo ang iba’t ibang kulay na balahibong nakadikit sa katawan ng uwak. Pagkuwa’y pinagtutuka nila ito hanggang sa takot na lumisan.

Nang magbalik ang uwak sa kanyang mga kauri, hindi na rin siya tinanggap ng mga ito. At sinabing, “Hindi namin kailangan ang isang tulad mong walang pagmamahal sa sariling anyo!”

My Homework Keso

1) Kumain ka ba ng asukal? – ang tamis kasi ng ngiti mo.
2) I’m a bee – can you be my honey?
3) May lahi ka bang keyboard? – type kasi kita
4) Papupulis kita! – ninakaw mo kasi puso ko
5) Are you a dictionary? – coz you add meaning to my life
6) I lost my number – can I have yours?
7) I forgot your name – can I call you mine?
Ice ka ba? – crush kita, okay lang?
9) Sweswertihin ka sa pagibig ngayong taon – pag naging akin ka
10) Meralco ka ba? – pag ngumiti ka kasi may spark
11) Crayola ka ba? – kasi nagbibigay ka ng kulay sa buhay ko
12) EDSA ka ba? – di kasi ako makapagmove on
13) Bangin ka ba? – nahulog kasi ako sa’yo
14) May butas ba yang puso mo? – natrap kasi ako, can’t find my way out
15) Pustiso ka ba? – kasi I can’t smile without you
16) Miss, alam mo ba? Hindi tayo Tao, hindi tayo Hayop, at hindi rin tayo Halaman, Bagay tayo, Bagay.
17) Nabibingi ka na ba? Coz my heart has been screaming out your name for quite some time now..
18) Centrum ka ba? Kasi you make my life complete!!
19) Exam ka ba? Gustong gusto na kasi kitang i-take home eh!
20) Pwede ba kita maging driver? Para ikaw na magpapatakbo ng buhay ko..
21) Tapos na ba ung exam mo? Para ako nman sagutin mo..
22) Ok lang na ako ang magbayad ng tuition fee mo..? Basta pag-aralan mo lang akong mahalin
23) Alam mo ba na scientist ako?? At ikaw yung LAB ko.
24) May lisensya ka ba? Coz you’re driving me crazy..
25) May kilala ka bang gumagawa ng relo? May sira ata relo ko.. pag ikaw kasi kasama ko, humihinto ang oras ko..
26) Aanhin pa ang gravity… kung lagi lang akong mahuhulog sa iyo?
27) Mahilig ka ba magluto na pancit canton? Kasi pag kasama kita… feeling ko.. “LUCKY ME”
28) Am i a bad shooter? Coz i keep on missing you… (not exclusively pinoy. oh well)
29) Kung posporo ka at posporo din ako eh di MATCH tayo..
30) Favorite subject mo ba geometry? Kasi kahit anong angle,ang cute mo..
31) Anong height mo? Pa’no ka nagkasya sa puso ko?
32) Ang galing mo siguro sa puzzles. (Bakit?) Kasi umaga pa lang nabuo mo na araw ko…
33) Kapag ako may tindahan, lahat ng tao bebentahan ko ng mura, sayo lang hindi. …………….dahil sayo lang ako magmamahal..(nyah!)
34) Alarm clock ka ba? Ginising mo kasi ang natutulog kong puso eh.
35) Puwede bang magpa-picture kasama ka? Para naman ma-develop tayo!
36) Pwede ka bang makatabi pag may exam? Coz i feel perfect beside you.
37) Miss may mapa ka b dyan? Para alm ko ang daan papunta sa puso mo.

Maikling Pabula: Ang Aso at ang Kanyang Anino

pabula.jpg (400×301)
Isang aso ang nakahukay ng buto sa lupa. Tuwang-tuwa siya at dali-daling hinawakan ang buto sa pamamagitan ng kanyang bibig.

Dinala niya ang buto upang iuwi sa kanyang tirahan, ngunit nang siya ay malapit na, napadaan siya sa isang ilog. Pinagmasdan niya ang ilog at doo’y nakita niya ang sariling anino. Sa pag-aakalang ibang aso iyon na may hawak-hawak ring buto sa bibig, tinahulan niya iyon nang tinahulan upang maangkin din ang butong pag-aari nito.

Dahil dito, humulagpos mula sa kanyang bibig ang butong hawak-hawak at nahulog sa ilog. Tinangay ng agos ang buto at hindi na uli nakuha pa ng sakim na aso.



The Dog and the Shadow

by Aesop

 mga pabula.jpg (400×253)

A DOG, crossing a bridge over a stream with a piece of flesh in his mouth, saw his own shadow in the water, and took it for another Dog, with a piece of meat double his own in size. He therefore let go his own, and fiercely attacked the other Dog, to get his largest piece from him. He thus lost both - that which he grasped at in the water, because it was a shadow; and his own, because the stream swept it away.


Moral:
It is not wise to be too greedy.

Source:
Aesop's Fables
Copyright 1881
Translator: unknown
WM. L. Allison, New York
Illustrator: Harrison Weir, John Tenniel, Ernest Griset, et.al.



Aesop : 620 B.C. to 560 B.C.

Maikling Pabula: Ang Inahing Manok at ang Kanyang Mga Sisiw

chickens-take-their-food-coloring-page.jpg (700×473)
Isang inahing manok na may anak na tatlong sisiw ang naninirahan sa gitna ng taniman ng mais. Isang araw, lumabas ng bahay ang magsasakang may-ari ng taniman at sinabing, “Panahon na upang anihin ko ang aking maisan! Kailangan tawagin ko ang aking mga kapit-bahay upang tulungan ako sa aking pag-ani bukas!”

Narinig ito ng mga sisiw at agad iminungkahi sa kanilang ina, “Kailangang lumikas na tayo rito at humanap ng ibang matitirahan inang! Kung hindi, matatagpuan tayo rito ng mga magsisipag-ani bukas at huhulihin upang patayin!”

“Huwag kayong mabahala mga anak,” ang wika ng inahing manok. “Kung mga kapit-bahay lamang ang aasahan niya, hindi agad magsisipag-kilos ang mga iyon! May panahon pa tayo upang manirahan dito.”

Tama nga ang sinabi ng inahing manok. Sapagkat kinabukasan nga’y walang mga kapit-bahay na dumating upang tumulong sa pag-ani ng magsasaka.

“Kung hindi ko maasahan ang aking mga kapit-bahay, sa aking mga kamag-anak ako lalapit upang humingi ng tulong sa isasagawa kong pag-ani bukas!”

“Narinig ng mga sisiw ang sinabi ng magsasaka at dali-daling iminungkahi sa kanilang ina. Ngunit muli, hindi nabahala ang inahing manok at sinabing, “Kung sa mga kamag-anak lamang siya aasa hindi magsisipagsunod ang mga iyon! May mga trabaho ring dapat asikasuhin ang mga iyon at tiyak na hindi maasahan. May panahon pa tayo para manirahan dito mga anak!”

Kinabukasan nga’y tama uli ang sinabi ni inahing manok. Walang kamag-anak na dumating ang magsasaka upang tulungan siya sa pag-ani sa maisan.

Dahil dito, napilitan ang magsasakang tawagin ang kanyang anak at sinabing, “Bukas na bukas din, tayong dalawa na lamang ang aani sa ating pananim. Wala tayong ibang maaasahan kundi ang ating mga sarili!”

Nang marinig iyon ng mga sisiw, dali-dali silang nagtungo sa kanilang ina at iminungkahi rito ang sinabi ng magsasaka.

Noon nagdesisyon ang inahing manok na lumisan sila sa lugar na iyon, at sinabing, “Kung sinabi ng magsasaka na siya na ang gagawa ng pag-ani, dapat tayong maniwala! Sapagkat totoong walang sinuman siyang maaasahan kundi ang kanyang sarili.
hen-and-chicks-coloring-page.jpg (480×275)
HenWithChicks.jpg (800×600)
Hen-and-Chicks.jpg (502×502)

Integrated Science: Adaptation

Adaptation - changes in the behavior and physical aspects of species
VIII. Adaptation
– any kind of inherited trait that improves the chances of survival and reproduction for an organism; changes in the behavior and physical aspects of species that make them better suited to their environment

A. Structural – involves the body of organism (camouflage, protective covering, aerodynamics, gripping mechanism, mimicry [batesian: species mimicking a different species; mullerian: same species mimicking same species; auto mimicry: mimicking certain body parts of species])

batesian: species mimicking a different species
Figure: Batesian

B. Physiological – involve the metabolism of organism (hibernation, estivation, poison to predators or competitors)

C. Behavioral – includes migration, changing of shape, resource partitioning and species interaction


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Integrated Science: Skills

XIII. Skills

A. Observation – the use of 5 senses; observe processes before, during and after
1. Qualitatively – based on the characteristics
2. Quantitatively – use measuring instruments

B. Classification – group things according to specific characteristics and observable properties; is done according to purpose
1. Binary classification – yes-no classifying
2. Multi-stage classification – further classifying until it is only one classified element left; unique description
3. Serial ordering – arranging based on characteristics

C. Constructing Graphs

D. Communication
1. Effective Communication
a. clear
b. concise
c. unambiguous
d. uses skills which need to be developed and practiced
e. describe what is observed not felt
f. objective descriptions
g. brief, precise and accurate language

2. Why we communicate:
a. describing of objects
b. giving or following directions
c. when using maps

3. When describing:
a. describe what is observed not felt
b. brief, precise, accurate language
c. consider the point of view of others
d. find means to get feedback
e. find alternatives of describing

E. Inferences – statements made through observation; interpretations based on observations; ipinionated
Factors that influence an inference:
1. observed things or events
2. preconceived idea of the interpreter
3. background of the interpreter
F. Identifying Variables – variables are things that may change in a situation
3. Manipulate – independent variable; deliberate
4. Responding – dependent variable; consequence of another event
5. Controlled – may change but shouldn’t be changed and should be get a constant

G. Operational Definition – you must tell HOW to measure a certain variable
Ex. The amount of pollution produced by cars was measure for cars using gasoline containing different amounts of lead.
MV – amount of lead – measure amount of gas (containing lead) consumed per day
RV – amount of pollution – intensity of gray color in bond paper with petroleum jelly
CV – amount of lead – lead per liter of gas



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Integrated Science:Ecological Succession


XII. Ecological Succession – the process in which the community in a particular place is gradually replaced by another community; occurs because organisms cause changes in their surroundings that make the environment less suitable for other kinds of organisms (inhibition <-> facilitation)

1. Serial Stages
1. Pioneer Community – the first community to become established in a once-barren environment; pioneers are the first inhabitants
2. Intermediate Community – communities formed after pioneer community and brings about changes in the ecosystem; formed after pioneer and brings about changes
3. Climax Community – a relatively stable, long-lasting more complex and inter-related community of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria; stable, diverse and matured

2. Primary and Secondary Succession
1. Primary Succession – begins with bare rock or mineral surfaces, pure sand, standing water or cooling of lava
2. Secondary Succession – begins with the destruction or disturbance of an existing ecosystem such as forest fire, mining, destruction of a natural to convert the land to agricultural use; more rapid process than primary succession; not totally changed
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Integrated Science:: Earth’s Biomes



XI. Earth’s Biomes – major type of ecosystem; determined by climate; has altitude and latitude, supply of water and sunlight

Biome

Tundra

Grassland

Desert

Coniferous Forest

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Tropical Rainforest

Location

Circles under arctic ocean and all around the north pole

Africa, North America, Central Asia, South America, Neat Coast Australia

Western North America, West Coast of S.A., Western Asia, Central Australia


Canada, Europe, Japan, China, Australia

South America, SE Asia, Central America, Africa

Climate

Short summer days and short periods of winter sunlight; yearly temperatures less than -5 degrees

Dry season where insufficient water exists to support forests

Extreme heat during the day and extreme cold at night

Long cold and dry winter (sunlight of 6-8 hours a day) short summer; mild to warm temp. (sun shines for 19 hours a day); 10 degrees summer – 40 degrees winter

Four season (winter, spring, summer and fall)

Normally warm and relatively constant temperature (about 25 degrees) high humidity

Rainfall

Less than 25 cm of annual rain and snow fall

25-26 cm annual rainfall

Less than 25 cm annual rainfall

25-100 cm annual rainfall

At least 75 cm

At least 200 cm of annual rainfall (with daily rains)

Growing Season

Brief spring and summer (which last a total of three months)

Short growing season

Depends on precipitation levels

Brief summer

Summer

Year-round

Rate of Decomposition




Slow due to cold climate

Rapid due to warm and moist conditions; forest floor is rich in nutrients; floor is covered with plants and animals; pollination is dependent on insects

Rapid recycling of nutrients; much of the nutrients is stored in biomass (large trees); soil is poor in nutrients

Dominant Vegetation

Lichens, dwarf shrubs, mosses, sedges

Grasses, cereal grains

Cactus

Conifers – cone-bearing trees; spruce, fir, pine, birch, aspen, redwood trees

Deciduous – shed leaves in winter, grow new ones in spring, stay green in summer and drop leaves in fall

Varied, green year-round

Examples (trees and plants)

Dwarf willows, grasses, dwarf shrubs, mosses, sedges

Thistle, sunflower, blazing stars, buffalo grass, wheat grass, bluegrass, needle grass

Aloe, saguaro cactus, sagebrush, preakly pear, creosote bush, Palo Verde

Spruces, pine, fir, redwood

Oak, maple, beech, birch, hickory, poplar, aspen, sycamore, maple, elm

Lianas (large woody vines) balsa, teakwood, epiphytes

Examples (birds)

Ducks, geese, sandpipers, snowy owl, plover, ptarmigans, arctic tern

Titmouse, woodpecker, hawk

Desert bird

Warbler, gray jay, crossbill, great horned owls, spruce grouse, chickadees, siskin, woodpeckers, warblers

Ruffled grouse, blue jay, mallard ducks, woodpecker, warblers, grouse

Eagle, toucan, parrots

Examples (animals)

Caribou, wolves, musk, oxen, lemmings, fox, polar bear, hares

Buffaloes, antelopes, lion, prairie dogs, bison, rodents, ground squirrels, coyotes, wolves, snakes, badgers, bobcat

Lizards, kangaroos, rats, gecko, scorpions

Moose, lynx, beaver, weasel, caribou, wolves, squirrel,, grizzlies, moose, chipmunks, bobcat, shrews

Coyote, fox, salamander, badger, weasel, raccoon, deer, squirrels, bear, bobcat

Tapir, boa constrictor, jaguar, tamandua

Unique Features/Key Words/ Adaptation

Permafrost, carpet-like vegetation, midnight sun, during summer, Finnish word: barren land, found at mountain slopes and near the poles

Grasses with complex network of grass roots, wildfire helps renew the vegetation, herbivores are grazers and browsers, has the largest number of herbivores, savannas – grasslands with scattered or few trees because of low and erratic precipitation

Extreme temperature, burning hot during day time, freezing cold at night, driest biome on earth

Waxy needle-like leaves; low plant diversity due to harsh winter conditions and acidic soil or poor nutrient soil

Usually dominated by 2 – 3 species of trees; mild and moderate climate

Greatest plant and animal diversity; broadleaf evergreen trees, canopy; 200 cm rainfall

Ecotone

With taiga: animals – caribou, ptarmigan, snowy owl


Chaparrals – found a t the edges of deserts, Savannas found in Africa






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Integrated Science: Biogeochemical Cycles

IX. Biogeochemical Cycles – transfer of some key elements of life from the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem
Three Key Points
- each cycle has an abiotic reservoir
- a portion of chemical cycling can rely completely on geological processes
- some chemicals require processing before they are available as inorganic nutrients
Key elements:
- Nitrogen – N
- Oxygen – O
- Carbon – C
- Hydrogen – H
- Phosphorus - P
A. Hydrologic or Water Cycle – collects, purifies and distributes the earth’s fixed supply of water (reservoir: bodies of water
1. Evaporation – conversion of water into water vapor
2. Transpiration – evaporation from the leaves of water extracted from soil by roots and transported throughout the plants
3. Condensation – conversion of water vapor to droplets of water
4. Precipitation – rain, sleet, snow, hail
5. Infiltration – movement of water into soil
6. Percolation – downward flow of water through soil and permeable rock formations to groundwater storage areas called aquifer
7. Runoff – downslope surface movement back to the sea
B. Carbon Cycle – based on the form CO2; key component of nature’s thermostat; between producers and consumers (reservoir: CO2 – atmosphere; CO – ocean floor)
How carbon is released into the atmosphere:
1. Extraction and burning of natural gas, petroleum, coal, etc.
2. Aerobic Respiration
a. Consumers: sugar + O2  CO2 + O2
3. Volcanic Eruption
4. Reaction in the Bodies of Water
a. Photosynthesis of Vegetation in the Water
Producers: CO2 + H2O  sugar
b. Pollution
5. Geologic Activities (earthquake and erosion)
C. Nitrogen Cycle – 78% of air; can be the limiting factor for the growth of plants and animals (reservoir: atmosphere and ocean floor)
1. Lightning or Bacteria – converts N2 to usable nitrates, nitrites and ammonium
2. Nitrogen Fixation – process of converting free nitrogen into nitrates, nitrites or ammonia
D. Phosphorus Cycle (reservoir: sediments in the soil)
– describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere
– the atmosphere foes not play a significant role in the movement of phosphorus since phosphorus based compounds are usually solids
– essential nutrient for plants and animals in the form of phosphate and bi phosphate
– a part of deoxic ribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that store energy and of fats of cell membranes
– building blocks of certain parts of the human and animal body such as bones and teeth
– phosphorus does not enter the atmosphere; it is mostly in rock and soil
– 80% of the phosphorus Is used to make fertilizers and a type of phosphorus (dilute phosphoric acid) – used in soft drinks
– also cause pollution problems in lakes and streams
– normally occurs in nature as part of a phosphate ion, the most abundant form (orthophosphate)
– geologic processes can bring ocean sediments to land
– weathering will carry phosphate to terrestrial habits
– plants absorb phosphates from soil then bind the phosphate into organic compounds. The plants may then be consumed by herbivores who in turn may be consumed by carnivores. After death, the animal or plant decays and the phosphates are returned to the soil. Runoff may carry them back to the ocean or the may be reincorporated into rock.
– movement through plants and animals is quick
– movement through soil or ocean is very slow
– one of the slowest biogeochemical cycles
– limiting nutrient found in streams, lakes and fresh water environments
– human interference occurs by overuse of careless use of phosphorus fertilizers which results in increased amounts of phosphorus as pollutants in bodies of water
E. Sulfur Cycle – one of the constituents of many proteins, vitamins and hormones (reservoir: ocean floor and volcanoes)
1. Hydrogen sulfide changes in forms
2. Mineralization of organic sulfur to the inorganic form for living things to take: hydrogen sulfide
3. Oxidation of sulfide and elemental sulfur and related compounds to sulfate which is toxic to plants
4. Reduction of sulfate to sulfide
5. microbial immobilization of the sulfur compounds and subsequent incorporation into organic form of sulfur
6. human impact on the sulfur cycle – sulfur dioxide production from industry (ex. Burning coal) and the internal combustion engine
7. considered a secondary element along with calcium and magnesium
8. required in moderate amounts by plants
9. Manure contains sulfur in both organic and inorganic forms. A portion of sulfur in manure will be readily available as sulfate
10. The other portion that exists as organic sulfur must be converted (mineralized) to sulfate by soil microorganisms before it can be utilized by plants. Most of the sulfur in the soil is in organic matter.

X. Inferences – statements made through observation; interpretations based on observations; opinionated
Factors that influence inferences
A. observed things or events
B. preconceived idea of the interpreter
C. background of the interpreter

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Integrated Science: Rhythm of Life

VII. Rhythm of Life – Biological Clock – internal timer of organisms to stay in step with the rhythmic cycles of change in environment
A. Lunar – changes that happen in a month or together with the phases of the moon
1. Low Tide: fiddler crab, starfish, worms, grunion
2. High Tide: mussels, barnacles, snails, sea anemone etc.
B. Daily – change everyday
1. Diurnal – active during day (flamingo)
2. Nocturnal – active during night (bat, bush baby owl, wolf, rhino, moth, hyena, tree frog, heron, nighthawk, night blooming cereus, dama de noche, old man cactus, daylilies, glasswing butterfly, dumpling)
3. Crepuscular – active during twilight (rabbit, cat, dog, vole, platypus, deer bear, gila monster, rattlesnake, mosquito, wallaby, firefly)
C. Annual – happens in more or less a year
1. Migration – birds, snow goose, wildebeest, whales, salmon
2. Hibernation – squirrels, hedgehog
3. Estivation – toad, lungfish
4. Autumn changes - trees, chrysanthemum
5. Spring changes – poppy, marigold


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Integrated Science: Species Interaction

VI. Species Interaction
A. Competion – two species compete for the same scarce resources; both species are harmed
1. Intraspecific – among same species
2. Interspecific – between different species
B. Predation – member of one species (predator) feeds on an organism of other species (prey_; prey is harmed; predator benefits the population level; predator can benefit prey by helping regulate the population size and improving genetic stock
C. Symbiotic – close relationship between two organism in which one lives near or even inside the organism in which at least one organism benefits
1. Parasitism – parasite: prey on another; host: harmed
2. Mutualism – members of different species interact in ways that benefit both species
3. Commensalism- benefits one species but neither harmed nor helped the other species much


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Integrated Science: Food Chain, Web, Pyramid

IV. Food Chain, Web, Pyramid
A. Food Chain – sequence of organisms for which an organism is a source of food for the next; determines the transfer of energy (example: rice – chicken – humans)
B. Food Web – complex network of food chain (trophic levels: number of levels staring with producer / consumer level: starts with the 1st consumer)
C. Food Pyramid – graphic representation of the transfer of energy, biomass (numbers of organism) from one trophic level (feeding level) to the next
1. Pyramid of Energy – graphic representation of energy transfer
2. Pyramid of Biomass – graphic representation of amount of biomass (organic materials) of its trophic level. Biomass is the dry weight of organic materials; Unit area = Biomass
3. Pyramid of Number – graphic representation of the number of organisms in each tropic level

V. Graphs


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Integrated Science: Ecology & Ecosystem

II. Ecology – “oikos” Greek word meaning house; branch of science that deals with the interaction of organisms with each other and their environment
A. Organism – anything that has life (grows, needs nutrients, reproduces, can move, made of cells, respond to stimuli); classified as species or groups of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, genes and chemistry; they reproduce under natural condition sexually or asexually

B. Niche – organism’s or population’s way of life and its use of environment; includes habitat or place where it lives, what nutrients it needs or what eats them, its role in the population or environment and other needs like space, rest, light, temperature, moisture, air

C. Population – all members of same species at a given area and at a given time; changes in size, density, distribution; measure in size, density and distribution

D. Community – different populations in an area interacting with each other.


III. Ecosystem – provides resources; composed of communities, population and organisms; union of biotic and abiotic factors in an area; interacting communities with biotic and abiotic factors; size is as big or as small as anything with organisms interacting with each other and other biotic and abiotic factors


A. Biotic Factors – produces, consumers, decomposers, living factors
2. Producers – produce or make their own food; autotrophs/self feeder; land ecosystems: green plants; aquatic ecosystems: bacteria, planktons, protests; uses sunlight for energy (photosynthesis); chemosynthesis is the use of radioactive elements
3. Consumers – feed on other organisms; heterotrophs/other feeder
a. Herbivore – feed on plants; primary consumer
b. Carnivore – feed on meat or other consumers; secondary/tertiary consumer
c. Omnivores – feed on both plants and animals
d. Scavengers – feed on dead organisms healed by other or died naturally
4. Decomposers – breaks down dead organic materials (detritus) to get nutrients and release into inorganic materials
a. Detritivores – feed on detritus; partly decayed organic materials and waste of living things; detritus feeder
B. Abiotic factors – physical or chemical factors
1. Physical – sunlight and shade, average temperature and range, fire, average precipitation and timing, wind, latitude and altitude, soil nature, water current and amount of suspended materials in an aquatic ecosystem
2. Chemical – water and air supply in soil, plant nutrients dissolved in soil moisture and in aquatic habitat, salinity, level of dissolved aquatic oxygen

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First Year : Integrated Science Reviewer








Integrated Science Reviewer

I. Lab Equipment
A. Watchglass – when watching changes or small portions of substances or acidity on litmus paper



B. Stirring rod – mixing or touching things

C. Beaker – contains liquids and chemicals for measuring


D. Test tube – used for chemicals



E. Test tube rack – contains test tube; can be used in handling or heating the test tube



F. Funnel – used to transfer liquids into narrow-mouthed containers


G. Graduated Cylinder – used to measure volume accurately


H. Erlenmeyer flask – contains liquids, chemicals and can mix substances without a stirring rod because of its shape which is a cone-like body
I. Florence flask – has the same function as the Erlenmeyer flask but has a spheroid body
J. Distilling flask – used for distillation; has a protruding glass piece
K. Petri dish – used in cultivating or culturing microorganisms
L. Mortar and pestle – used to crush solids through grinding
M. Alcohol Lamp – heats substances
N. Evaporating Dish – used for the evaporation of mixtures through heat specialty
O. Spot Plate – tests small amounts of substances simultaneously
P. Wash Bottle – accurately increases/decreases liquids; used for washing
Q. Spatula – carries or transfers solids
R. Crucible Tongs – holds containers
S. Test Tube Holder – holds test tubes for heating and other uses
T. Tripod – suspends a container so that it can be heated
U. Bunsen Burner – able to adjust flames for heating
V. Iron stand with clamps – used to suspend objects
W. Triple Beam Balance – used to measure materials by balancing them on three beams
X. Cent-o Gram Balance – a measure device as accurate as 3 decimal places of a gram


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High School Science

What to learn about Science this time?

The student in the Philippine highs school masut be able to demonstrates an understanding of basic scientific concepts and processes in an integrated manner to solve problems critically, apply possible innovations and think with creativity and make informed decisions to protect the environment, conserve resources and maintaining the quality of life.








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School Notes and Rants

Latest school notes

Rant No. 1
Hayy naku, sometimes I don't understand my favorite teacher. She often gives me work to do at home consisting mostly of pictures to find in old magazines or newspapers. And just where will I get those magazines? And who's reading magazines these days? The last time I cut a picture out of my dad's National Geographic magazine, I got a major major "palo" (spanking) in my butt!

Thankfully, there's the Google university. I get lots of photos to find and it only takes a few moments to search and print pictures. So now, I have lesser time to solve problems and finish my homework fast.

I was told homeworks are given to students so they have something else to do after class. That is necessary to help add to what was taught in class.

Fortunately for my dog, he doesn't understand the meaning of homework. All he wants from me is to walk him around. I'm glad when I'm done fast with my tasks written in my school notes, I can let my dog learn with me to like being in front of the most intelligent source of learning these days: Google and my mom and dad.


School notes
Err...this is not my dog!

Indonesia: Famous Products




Palm Oil
Indonesia is the world's largest exporter of crude palm oil, with shipments reaching 12.4 million metric tons in 2007.
Palm Oil as a lot of industrial uses ranging from soap making to bio-fuels. This made it the principal cargo for ship engaged in international trade at the turn of the nineteenth century.Indonesia: Famous Products


Cotton apparel
Statistics reveal that the year 2005 saw Indonesia's overall textile sector blooming, specially its cotton sector.Most people in Indonesia can only choose clothing made of cotton. The Indonesian Textile Association (API) predicts that the country’s exports of textiles and garments were around $8.35 billion (USD) in 2006, up from an estimated $7.5 billion in 2005. The country consistently consumes over 2 million 480-pound bales per year, with much of the consumption feeding the nation’s apparel industry.




Natural rubber
Natural rubber is a sap obtained from some trees, better known as latex. Latex is actually the original form of rubber, which is later processed by various methods to get the rubbers that we are so well acquainted with. Latex is a white milky sap, with a high viscosity and density. When we speak about natural rubber, we refer to the latex that is directly collected from the trees.

Famous Products of Asean Countries

Vietnam: Vietnamese Robusta coffee
Vietnam famous products
Vietnamese Robusta coffee still leads the global coffee market in quality and occupies nearly 50 per cent of coffee production in the world. Vietnamese coffee has appeared on many famous global trading floors of London and ICE New York.


Vietnam: Vietnamese cashew nuts
Famous Products
Vietnam overtook India to become the world’s biggest exporter of cashew nuts in 2006 and until now, holds that position.


Vietnam: Vietnamese Silk
Famous Products of Asean Countries

Assignments coming up next > famous products:
Indonesia,
Malaysia,
Philippines,
Laos,
Myanmar,
Brunie,
Thailand,
Cambodia,
Singapore



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Alamat: Ang Alamat ng Pakwan

Download ready to print file of Alamat ng PakwanAng Alamat ng Pakwan Download ready to print file: Ang Alamat ng Pakwan

"Magmula noon, ang naging Katolikong datu ay lagi nagng dumadalaw sa pinagpakuang kabundukan. Ang panata niyang iyon ay kalakip ng pagtanggap ng kaparusahan sa malaking kasalanang nagawa niya sa paring ipinapatay.

Sapagkat tumubo ang kakaibang halaman ay tinawag ang bunga nito na pinagpakuan na nauwi sa pakuan na ngayon ay naging pakwan. Iyan ang pinanggalingan ng alamat ng pakwan."

Alamat: Ang Alamat ng Alitaptap


Alamat: Ang Alamat ng Alitaptap -Download ready to print file

Alamat: Ang Alamat ng Butiki


Alamat: Ang Alamat ng Makahiya

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